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19. OPTIONS for Protocol File Transfers
Options modify the way the protocol file transfer commands send and
receive files. They are reset before each command line.
The a and b options are mutually exclusive. With ZMODEM, a b option
given to the sender or receiver will override any a option.
The +, r, N, n, p, and y options are mutually exclusive. The Y option
may be followed by the +, r, n, or N option. Specifiying these
options to the receiver overrides the ZMODEM sender's specification of
these options.
+ When receiving to a file already on disk, append the new data to
the old file (if one exists). This option is not allowed if ZCOMM
is Restricted.
When sending files with ZMODEM, the + option commands the receiver
to append to a file already on the receiver's disk.
EXAMPLE: sz -+ ONAME=master.log *.log sends all .log files in the
current directory to be appended to master.log on the receiver's
computer.
7 Strip data to 7 bits for file transfers with the Kermit protocol.
Program images and other 8 bit binary files cannot be sent this
way. In the absence of the 7 option ZCOMM transfers all 8 bits of
each byte. If the communications line is set to 8 bits no parity,
the 8th bit is tranmitted, otherwise ZCOMM requests 8th bit
quoting. NOTE: The 7 option is distinct from the 7e and 7o modes.
a (ASCII) The a option applies to files received with XMODEM, YMODEM,
or ZMODEM protocol. It converts newlines not preceded by CR to
CR/LF pairs. NULL, RUBOUT, and all characters in each packet
beginning with Ctrl-Z are excluded. The a option is useful when
receiving text files without carriage returns directly from Unix
systems.
When sending with ZMODEM, the a option instructs the receiver to
convert text files to the conventions used in its operating
environment.
The a option does not apply to Kermit. Files transferred with the
a option cannot be processed with the ZMODEM r (recover/resume)
option.
EXAMPLE: rc -a program.c receives program.c and converts end of
lines to CR/LF.
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b (Binary) With ZMODEM, inhibits the receiver from translating the
file contents. If either the ZMODEM sender or receiver specifies b
option, any contrary requests will be ignored.
EXAMPLE: sz -b program.exe
c Use CRC-16 with the rx, rt, and r7 commands.
e Normally, ZMODEM senders escape XON, XOFF, Ctrl-P, CR-@-CR, and
Ctrl-X, and ZMODEM receivers ignore XON and XOFF. The e option
escape all control characters when sending files with the ZMODEM
protocol. In 7-bit environments, the e option also escapes RUBOUT
(7F).[1] This option is useful when operating with brain damaged
data PBX systems and other types of "front ends".
SEE ALSO: zmtxesc, zmrxesc string parameters
E With ZMODEM-90, force 8th bit encoding even if the transmission
medium appears to support 8 bits.[2]
f Send the full pathname as specified (exclusive of disk identifier)
when using a batch send command. Normally only the file name
portion (without any directory prefix) is transmitted. The f
option applies to batch file transmission with the kermit sb, sb,
send, and sz commands.
EXAMPLE: cd /src; sz -f robot/r2d2.h sends the file with the
pathname robot/r2d2.h.
EXAMPLE: sz -f /src/robot/vox/3tpi0.*
SEE ALSO: PREFIX=p flag for the sb and sz commands.
F Insert a pause after each transmitted data subpacket transmitted
with ZMODEM. This is useful in certain situations when
conventional flow control methods are unavailable, ineffective, or
unreasonably slow (i.e., "broken"). The length of pause is set by
the zmodem F numeric parameter.
EXAMPLE: sz -F honker.dat
__________
1. In 7-bit environments, ZMODEM always escapes FF.
2. Not featured in DSZ.COM.
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SEE ALSO: zmodem F numeric parameter
g Given to the receiving program, the g option to the rb command
allows the sender and receiver to dispense with acknowledging each
transmitted packet when using YMODEM batch transfers. YMODEM-g
increases throughput when the transmitting medium itself (direct
connection, X.PC session, or error correcting modems) provides
error free transmission. The transmitting medium can use XOFF and
XON to enforce flow control.
If the transmitting medium does not enforce flow control,[3] the
user must insure the receiver is not overrun. ZCOMM on a PC or XT
accepts data at 9600 bps without flow control when the file is
being written to a hard disk or ramdisk.[4]
If an error is detected when the g option is used, the transfer is
aborted.
EXAMPLE: rb -g
The g option may also be used with the rx command to receive files
from Qmodem's G protocol.
k Use 1024 byte (1K) packets with the sb and sx commands. The
default packet length is 128. This increases throughput when the
speed is high relative to the response times of the communications
channel and the computers. The k option is useful with 9600 or
19200 bps transfers with directly connected timesharing systems.
The k option may not work properly uploading to some systems,
particularly heavily loaded or poorly implemented timesharing
systems at high speeds. The k option is valid only when sending to
ZCOMM, Unix rb, or other compatible programs. If the file length
is not a multiple of 1024, the remainder of the file will be sent
with 128 byte blocks. This option does not affect Kermit
transfers.
EXAMPLE: sb -k *.c *.h
With the sz command, the k option forces an initial 1024 byte
subpacket length.
__________
3. X.PC automatically enforces end to end flow control.
4. Provided no memory resident programs or special drivers hog CPU
cycles.
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EXAMPLE: sz -k *.c *.h
l Force incoming pathnames that are all uppercase to lower case.
This is reset by the call command. This option is ignored on DOS
and OS/2.
m (ZMODEM-90) Activate MobyTurbo(TM) for maximum throughput on
compressed files sent over completely transparent connections.
MobyTurbo can be used over links that support YMODEM-g. Moby Turbo
can not be used with most forms of software flow control or over
networks that reserve control characters.
M Locks out Moby Turbo even if the other program has given the m
option. This option is useful if the transmission path does not
support complete transparency.
n (ZMODEM) Each file is transferred if the corresponding destination
file does not exist, or if the source file is newer. The n option
can be given with either the sz or rz commands. This option is not
allowed if the receiver is Restricted.
EXAMPLE: sz -n *.* attempts to send all files in the current
directory. Only those files that do not exist in the destination
directory, and those for which the source is newer will be sent.
N (ZMODEM) Transfer the file if the corresponding destination file
does not exist, or if the source file is newer or longer. The N
option be used with the sz and rz commands. This option is not
allowed if the receiver is Restricted.
EXAMPLE: sz -N *.*
p (ZMODEM) Protect destination file; bypass this file if it already
exists on the destination system.
P (ZMODEM-90) When transferring files over 7 bit paths, pack 4 8-bit
bytes into 5 7-bit bytes for transmission instead of quoting the
8th bit.[5] This increases transmission speed on compressed files.
q (Quiet) suppresses block by block status line update during Kermit
and X/YMODEM file transfers.
__________
5. Not supported in DSZ.COM.
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r (ZMODEM) Resume/Recover an interrupted file transfer with the
ZMODEM protocol. May be given with either the sz or rz commands.
The r option may be used to resume the transmission of a long file
after a disconnect or power loss, without having to start over at
the beginning of the file. The r option may also be used when the
source file grows from time to time and only the incremental
portion needs to be sent. The r option assumes that the contents
of the destination file are identical to the corresponding
beginning portion of the source file. The r option should not be
applied to a file that has been modified by the a option, or to a
file that has been edited on the destination system. This option
is not allowed if the receiver is Restricted.
EXAMPLE: sz -r hugefile.lst
SEE ALSO: zmodem c numeric parameter
rr As above, but the files are compared by taking a 32 bit CRC on the
contents before deciding on whether to start a fresh transfer.
EXAMPLE: sz -rr maybenewer.lst
With the -rr option, all of the files are compared or transmitted
by default. The number of bytes used in the comparision may be
restricted by setting the zmodem R numeric parameter to a number
between 2048 and 32000 (1 billion on 32 bit flavors).
EXAMPLE: zmodem pR20000
R (32 bit Unix systems) Recursively descend directories specified in
wild cards when expanding file names.
EXAMPLE: sz -Rf src
Sends the files in the src directory and its dubdirectories (R
option), and transmits the full relative pathname (f option).
SEE ALSO: f option
s SlugBait modifies the logic of ZMODEM sending to detect and report
attempts at evading accountability for receiving files. Such
attempts are flagged with a Q status in the log of sent files.
SnailBait adds a slight delay to file transmission, and a transfer
that is cut off at the very end of file may very infrequently be
reported with Questionable instead of ERROR status.
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S When sending file(s) with ZMODEM, interrogate the receiving prgram
for its serial number. S option terminates when a serial number is
received or when the call command is given. Receiving file(s) with
YMODEM or ZMODEM from programs providing a serial number also
provides the other program's serial number. The serial number
received is listed by the performance log.
t Enter the term function after file transfer(s) complete. The t
option should not be used in commands given from within the term
function, either directly or with soft key definitions.
u Unlink (remove, delete) the file after it has been sent with the sz
command.
v View the data being transmitted or received. Only correct data is
displayed. Viewing standard ASCII files does not interfere with
correct transmission at high speeds, although throughput may be
degraded.
The output may be redirected to a capture file or DOS device with
the > or >> command. Unless output is redirected, this option must
not be used when ZCOMM is in Host Operation.
wN Use a window size of N bytes with the sz command, overriding the
zmodem w numeric parameter. If N is missing, use a ZMODEM window
size of 4096 bytes.
SEE ALSO: Flow Control Chapter 13, zmodem w numeric parameter
WN Request the sending program to use a window size of N bytes,
overriding the sender's window size setting, 4096 bytes if N is
missing.[6]
y Yes it is OK to replace a file already on disk when receiving a
file. If absent, the operator is given a choice of appending to
the current file (a), erasing it (y) or aborting (n). This option
is not allowed if ZCOMM is Restricted. When sending with ZMODEM,
commands the receiver to replace a file on its disk.
Y (ZMODEM) Transfer only those files for which a file with the same
pathname exists at the destination, overwriting the destination
files. The Y option may be followed by other ZMODEM options to
further qualify the selection of files to transfer. This option is
not allowed if ZCOMM is Restricted.
__________
6. The W option is supported when receiving files from ZMODEM-90(TM)
program versions after Jan 21 1990.
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EXAMPLE: sz -Yn *.* If the source directory contains files A, B,
and C, each dated today, and the destination directory contains B
and C, with B a week old and C dated today, only B will be sent.
zT Use T minutes behind GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) as the local
timezone instead of the z parameter value for the file(s)
transferred with this command.
EXAMPLE: sb -k -z300 ESTfile sends ESTfile corrected for creation
in Eastern Standard Time.
Z Transmit files with compression. The ZMODEM receiver must indicate
its ability to decompress received files for this option to take
effect.
When sending between Unix systems, files are compressed with 12 bit
Lempel-Ziv compression. Otherwise, packets are transmitted with
Run Length Encoding.
Over slow channels, compression increases the transmission speed of
compiler listings, screen dumps, etc. by up to 50 per cent. LZW
compression is more effective on more types of data than RLE
compression. Some files, including the Personal Computing Magazine
ASCII Test File, speed up by more than an order of magnitude with
either RLE or LZW compression. Heavily encrypted data and
compressed files, including ARC and ZOO archives, do not benefit
from ZMODEM compression.
The situation with fast compressed modems is more complex. The
benefits of ZMODEM compression will depend on the particular
application; try the transfers with and without ZMODEM compression
to determine the most efficient options.
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20. MODES for Data Capture
The modes described in this chapter affect the operation of the f,
put, wait, and t commands. The b, n, p, r, w modes are mutually
exclusive.
All modes except f and n are reset by the call and init commands.
Modes may be set with flags to the conference, create, enable,
disable, f, open, t, and wait commands.
The call command resets ZCOMM and the communications port to 8 bits no
parity.
! Negates the sense of the following mode(s). The ! modifier is not
used with the 7 and 8 modes.
EXAMPLE: t -Z!tl enables ZMODEM AutoDownload and turns off throttle
and line printer output.
7e 7o 7m 7s Sets 7 bits plus {Even Odd Marking Spacing} parity for
transmission with the put, f, and t commands, and file transfers
using the Kermit protocol. The parity setting does not affect the
information content of received characters.[1] If 7e or 7o mode is
used, each incoming byte of Kermit packets is checked for parity
for extra accuracy in file transfers.
Some applications require a 7 bit transmission mode. Even parity
is often used for TWX and IBM mainframe communications. 7m mode
sets the parity bit to "marking" (8th bit set to ONE), sometimes
used with DEC minicomputers and IBM mainframes.
7s mode masks data transmitted by the term function to 7 bits
(spacing is equivalent to binary 0).
If a paritied mode is specified, the term function counts each
character received with the opposite parity as an uncorrected
error.
The call command resets ZCOMM and the communications port to 8 bits
no parity (8n).
EXAMPLE: ena -E7e enables Error Containment(TM) with 7 bits even
__________
1. The term function normally strips the parity bit unless 8g
(graphics) mode is set.
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parity.
SEE ALSO: E mode
8n Sets 8 bits no parity (default) for transmission with the Kermit,
and t commands. The call command resets ZCOMM and the
communications port to 8 bits no parity (8n).
8g Some PC based bulletin boards send line drawing characters intended
for IBM display adapters encoded with the 8th bit set. 8g mode
uses 8 data bits with no parity. All 8 bits are also passed to the
display, allowing the special graphics characters to be displayed,
including those sent by many IBM-PC bulletin boards. 8g mode must
not be used when the remote is sending 7 bits with marking, even,
or odd parity,
8o 8e 8e sets the hardware to 8 bits even parity; 8o sets the hardware
to 8 bits odd parity. The 8e and 8o modes are used only with very
specialized applications. No known dial-up systems use either of
these modes. Most modems do not support 8e or 8o mode.
A Sends characters from the remote to DOS, bypassing ZCOMM's CRT
driver. A mode allows a screen driver such as FCONSOLE.DEV to
pcocess extended ANSI or special terminal codes which ZCOMM would
not otherwise understand. The A mode affects the term function
only. When using the A mode, the term function status line should
be disabled with a "display stat=off" command if the display driver
uses all 25 CRT lines. Fansi-Console(TM) or other drivers with
definable scrolling regions may be set to scroll only the top 24
lines, leaving the 25th line free for ZCOMM's status information.
WARNING: Fansi-Console and ANSI.SYS allow input data from the
remote to redefine keys and/or cause commands to be executed. Such
capabilities pose a security breach. For example, an innocuous
looking message could contain an invisible escape sequence to make
your "keyboard" issue "del \COMMAND.COM" the next time you strike
the ESC key.
EXAMPLE: display stat=off; t -A disables Zcomm's status line and
routes characters from the remote to DOS standard output.
SEE ALSO: list command
a Addlf adds a linefeed to each carriage return received from the
remote. This is displayed as newline (return/linefeed). The same
action takes place if addlf is in effect when the term function is
writing the circular buffer to a file. This mode is useful when
the data from the remote contains carriage returns but no
linefeeds. The a mode may be used with the s (Strip control
characters) mode.
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NOTE: i (image) mode supersedes a mode.
EXAMPLE: read nolffile.txt; create -a withlf.txt; w; close reads
nolffile.txt into the circular buffer, then writes it to withlf.txt
with linefeeds added.
b Binary mode of file transmission with the f file command. All 8
bits are sent. This is handy for uploading binary files using the
f command to adjacent machines without any useful file transfer
protocol.
Don't confuse this mode with the protocol file transfer commands
which send files with error correcting protocols. Also don't
confuse this with the i mode which affects files received with the
term function.
NOTE: The fput command can also be used to send a binary file when
no monitoring of the remote's responses is needed.
EXAMPLE: f -b binfile
c, C Compuserve mode allows the remote computer to invoke the
Compuserve B protocol. c causes formfeed from the remote to clear
the screen, C does not. When enabled with c or C mode, the
Compuserve B protocol uses ENQ and DLE for special functions.
EXAMPLE: t -c
SEE ALSO: w numeric parameter
D Delays detection of carrier detect loss. * When carrier detect is
lost, D mode causes ZCOMM to wait up to two seconds for carrier
detect to return. If carrier detect returns within that two
seconds, ZCOMM pauses another two seconds to allow the modems time
to stabilize. D mode allows file transfers to continue in the
presence of interruptions from call waiting or cellular radio
communications dropouts. The modem's carrier dropout timer must be
lengthened to two seconds to accomodate such droputs without
disconnecting by adding a Hayes S10=20 command to the modem
initialization string sent by the dial telephone directory entry.
d (Dropout) Suppresses the No Carrier Detect message otherwise
generated by the term function and protocol file transfers when the
communications port detects a loss of carrier detect. This mode is
useful when operating with direct connections that do not properly
drive the carrier detect line. The call command sets d mode; the
standard dialing scripts cancel it when the modem reports a
connection.
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EXAMPLE: ena -d
E Error Containment(TM) When the remote is transmitting continuously,
a single "line hit" may garble many characters before the hardware
can recover. E mode makes the term function send an XOFF (^S)
character to stop the transmission of data when a "line hit" is
detected. A line hit is detected by the presence of a break signal
or framing error. If the 7e, 7o, 7m, or 7s mode is set, ZCOMM also
detects parity errors as line hits.[2] After a brief pause, an XON
(^Q) is sent to resume transmission.
E mode does not effect protocol transfers. It is effective only
when the remote recognizes XOFF to stop transmission. E mode
cannot be used with programs such as EMACS which use ^S and ^Q as
editing commands; it should not be used with X.PC.
EXAMPLE: create -+E7e capture.fil creates capture.fil for output,
appending it to any existing instance of the file, enabling 7 bits
even parity and Error Containment.
SEE ALSO: E and e numeric parameters
e EMACS editors and a few other programs use the ASCII flow control
characters XON and XOFF as commands. These characters cannot be
used for their normal flow control functions with EMACS. Emacs
mode suppresses the automatic transmission of XOFF (^S) and XON
(^Q) when ZCOMM's circular buffer fills up. Opening a receive file
with the t file command cancels EMACS mode, but it may be turned
back on later. ("t -e file" won't activate e mode.)
When capturing data to a file with e (Emacs) mode on, the user must
manually stop the data from the remote and dump the buffer with the
w command or the Alt-W key. Keyboarded characters automatically
trigger a buffer write.
EXAMPLE: create capturefile; t -e
SEE ALSO: j mode
__________
2. Many medium speed modems, including 1200 and 2400 bps units, do
not generate framing errors in response to line hits. When such
modems are used, parity must be used to detect line hits.
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f Full duplex. ZCOMM does not echo keyboarded characters to the
screen.
FN Sets the pattern match fail time for the current wait command to N
seconds absolute.
EXAMPLE: wait -F5 searches for a pattern match, and will fail after
five seconds.
fN Sets the pattern match fail time for the current wait command to N
seconds of inactivity.
EXAMPLE: wait -f5 searches for a pattern match, and will fail after
five seconds of inactivity.
SEE ALSO: f numeric parameter
g resumes sending the file once in the term function, equivalent to
an XON character. Disabling g causes a file queued for
transmission to wait for an XON character. Enabling g mode (ena
-g) will resume file transmission after a grab command.
SEE ALSO: grab command
G, GG G mode (the default) allows the term function to recognize XON
and XOFF flow control. A number of characters may be sent before
ZCOMM responds to XOFF. GG mode prevents the term function from
recognizing XON and XOFF flow control.
As a special case, disabling G mode allows the interrupt driven
output routines in ZCOMM to respond immediately to XOFF and XON
characters instead of waiting for the term function to receive and
act upon them. A consequence of this selection is that the term
function may be "stuck" waiting for the interrupt level routines,
while at the same time the interrupt level routines are "waiting"
for an XON character. A spurious XOFF or lost XON character can
cause this deadlock. The S numeric parameter should be set to an
appropriate value to allow timeout and recovery from this
condition.
EXAMPLE: f -!G asciifile.txt
H,h Half Duplex Displays keyboarded characters as they are sent to the
host. H mode causes keyboarded carriage return to be echoed as
cr/lf.
Two half duplex modes are provided to match computer systems that
send a linefeed in response to carriage return ("t -h") and others
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that give no echo at all to carriage return ("t -H").
SEE ALSO: h numeric parameter
i If a file is being received with the Term function, Image mode
allows all characters received, including NULLS, to be output when
the capture buffer is written to disk. Image mode makes the review
function act upon ESCAPE characters. Image mode overrides the a, s
and z modes. Image mode does not override the A, c, C or Z modes,
and does not control the parity bit.
EXAMPLE: t -i
SEE ALSO: I, v and 8g modes, ALT-I key, fget command
The fget command is faster as there is no display of the received
data.
Image mode does not affect transmitted data.[3]
I Super Image mode sets completely transparent 8 bit data capture
with the term function. In addition, the A, c, C, and Z modes are
superceded, XON, XOFF, ENQ are not executed. Super Image mode is
useful for capturing binary data from sources that require keyboard
or script intervention. If the incoming data contains random
escape sequences, ZCOMM's terminal emulation decoding of escape
sequences should be suppressed. Either v mode should be set, or a
display dumb command should be given.
J On Unix and Xenix systems, the J mode smooths the display of data
coming from slow serial lines by accepting data in smaller chunks.
It may be used for interactive applications where jerky output is
unesthetic. J mode increases CPU utilization and context switching
overhead.
SEE ALSO: ALT-J
j * The jabberwrite mode causes the term function to dump the
circular buffer to disk once a second if a receive file is open,
without interrupting the data flow from the remote. This avoids
the delay required when dumping the entire buffer to disk, but may
cause loss of data if the output device is too slow, or if its
driver software inhibits data interrupts from the remote. It
should not be used with the PCjr because the PCjr disk cannot
__________
3. The b (Binary) mode modifies files transmitted with the term
function.
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overlap i/o with disk activity.
EXAMPLE: t -j
K Enables automatic downloading of files with the Kermit protocol.
The y mode applies to Kermit AutoDownload.
l (letter l) List unit (Printer) on. Since ZCOMM buffers the
printer, it needn't be as fast as the incoming data as long as the
buffered data doesn't exceed the circular buffer size. The rewind
command may be used to get extra copies of the received data
(assuming it all fits in the circular buffer). The list unit is
accessed with the rom bios printer interface (int 17h).
EXAMPLE: t -l enables printer spooling.
EXAMPLE: disable -l disables printer spooling.
NOTE: If ZCOMM is terminated before all of the circular buffer is
output to the printer, the remainder of the data will be lost.
SEE ALSO: The ALT-L key toggles printing starting with next
character received from the remote. The l numeric parameter
selects the printer device. The lpnono string parameter allows
unwanted control characters to be filtered from the printer.
n sends newline (lf) only when transmitting a file with the term
function (no CR). Keyboarded CR is sent as a newline. When
receiving a file to disk with the term function, Newline is stored
on disk as CR LF. n mode causes newlines to be displayed as CR LF.
The n mode is not reset by the call command.
EXAMPLE: f -n file
p,P When transmitting a file with the term function, the contents of
eolstr (CR by default) are sent at the end of each line. Prompt
mode then waits for a prompt character ( g numeric parameter[4])
from the remote after each line transmitted from a file. If GOchar
is not received, the wait times out and transmission proceeds in
the same manner as with w mode. The duration of this timeout is
controlled by the p numeric parameter. The q numeric parameter
controls the pause between recognizing GOchar and resuming
__________
4. The default for numeric parameter g (GOchar) is linefeed .
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transmission. This pause is not reset by characters from the
remote.
EXAMPLE: f -p file
SEE ALSO: g, p, q numeric parameters
As a convenience, P mode implicitly sets GOchar to 17. As a
special case, if GOchar is set to 17 (called XON, DC1, or ^Q)
before the p mode is set, file transmission is stopped until an XON
is keyboarded or received from the remote.
EXAMPLE: f -P file
q Setting q mode causes the term function to guarantee the contents
of the circular buffer have been written to disk[5] and then
transmit the answerback string parameter in response to ENQ. An
ACK from the local keyboard or a transmitted file also transmits
the answerback. An EOT or carrier loss closes the receive file and
exits the term function.
Q Quiet inhibits the term function display of data from the remote.*
The status line, ZCOMM messages, and output from utility commands
are not affected. The Q mode may be used to suppress unwanted
characters during modem initialization, logins, etc.
SEE ALSO: display inhibit command
r CRmode sends the contents of eolstr (CR by default) at the end of
each line transmitted from a file with the f command. There is no
pause at the end of each line.
EXAMPLE: f -r file
S SuperStrip mode strips Form Feed (FF) from the file in addition to
the actions of s mode.
EXAMPLE: t -S capture.txt
__________
5. On DOS, the file is written, closed, and reopened. The TWX
protocol assumes that transmitted information has been safely
stored before an answerback is sent in response to ENQ.
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s Strip all Control Characters except LF, FF, HT, and BS when
capturing to a file with the term function. Most escape sequences
are completely removed, especially common ANSI codes for setting
colors and positioning. In s mode, a BS character causes ZCOMM to
attempt to erase the previous character from the output file with
an fseek() function call. This is guaranteed to work only if the
output is to a disk file and sufficient characters come after the
BS to overlay the "erased" character.[6] An LF is stored in the
file as CR LF to make up for the CR that is discarded in s mode.
XON, XOFF, and DEL (RUBOUT) do not display when s mode is in
effect. The a (Addlf, add linefeed to carriage return) mode may be
used with the s mode.
NOTE: i (image) mode supersedes s mode editing.
When displaying file(s) with the cat, more, type, page, bro/v, and
bro/p commands, stop when ^Z (CP/M EOF) is read.
sss In addition to the above, sss inhibits the display of blank lines.
SEE ALSO: display vt100 command
t Some remote systems cannot accept input at full speed. Throttle
mode slows the sending of characters to the remote. The speed is
controlled by the t numeric parameter. The default value slows
transmission to about 50 words per minute. The t mode does not
affect protocol transfers.
EXAMPLE: f -t command.fil
SEE ALSO: t numeric parameter
TN Sets the pattern match fail time for the current wait command to N
seconds absolute. In addition, the term function will return
(without matching any patterns) after an enabled Kermit,
Compuserve-B, or ZMODEM automatic file transfer (successful or
otherwise).
EXAMPLE: wait -T99 searches for a pattern match, and will fail
after 99 seconds.
u Enables Upper case conversion of keyboard and file characters sent
with the term function (t, f, F2 commands). The answerback and
programmed strings are not affected. Protocol file transfers are
__________
6. This backspace simulation does not stop at a virtual left margin.
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not affected.
EXAMPLE: ena -u
SEE ALSO: ALT-U key
v View control characters as ^C. In addition to the above, vv mode
denotes characters with the parity bit set by prepending a tilde
(~). Finally, vvv mode prints incoming characters in hex.* The v
modes override the A, c, C, and Z modes.
EXAMPLE: t -iv bincapt.fil captures binary data from the modem to
bincapt.fil, with control characters displayed legibly.
NOTE: View mode is distinct from view option.
w Wait mode. When sending files with the term function, send the
contents of eolstr (CR by default) at the end of each line, and
then wait until echoes from the remote have stopped. Useful for
sending files to bulletin boards where the remote needs time to
prepare for the next text line. The p numeric parameter controls
the length of this wait, which is reset by each character received
from the remote.
EXAMPLE: f -w file
W Enable writing from the circular buffer to capture file (default
enabled).* The echof and echoc commands are not affected.
SEE ALSO: ki command
x,X EXit from the term function when EOF is encountered on transmitted
file. In addition, X mode causes the term function to exit when
the file upload is interrupted by reading a character matching the
value of the m numeric parameter. The x mode is the standard way
for a script to regain control after uploading a file with the term
function.
EXAMPLE: f -x upload.txt
SEE ALSO: m numeric parameter
y Yes it is OK to clobber a file already on disk when receiving to a
file. If absent, the operator is given a choice of appending to
the current file (a), erasing it (y) or aborting (n). This mode is
reset at each command line and at each obey and function key,
pattern action, or downloaded command. This mode is not allowed if
ZCOMM is Restricted.
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Z (Case is significant!) enables ZMODEM AutoDownload of commands and
files when the term function is active (this is the default). The
term function recognizes ZMODEM AutoDownload at 300 bps and higher
speeds.
EXAMPLE: dis -Z disables ZMODEM AutoDownload.
ZMODEM AutoDownload performs a security check to reject Trojan
Horse messages. The challenge may be disabled with an ena -yZ
command, resulting in a time savings when using some modems.
z Close file when CPMEOF (^Z) is encountered while writing the
capture buffer. z mode also appends a CTRL-Z (CP/M EOF) to the end
of files created with the apd, create, t file, browse/a, browse/A,
review/w, review/W, and > commands. Otherwise, ^Z is ignored.
+ When receiving to a file already on disk, append the new data to
the old file. This mode is reset at each command line and at each
obey and function key, pattern action, or downloaded command. This
mode is not allowed if ZCOMM is Restricted.
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21. TERM FUNCTION
Interactive conversation with the remote is controlled by the term
function. The term function provides the conversational link between
the keyboard, display, printer, and the remote computer. ZCOMM's term
function also controls the capture of data from the remote, "non-
protocol" sending of files and commands, and recognition of the
remote's responses (pattern searches).
The term function is entered by the F2, f, put, putw, t and wait
commands, and by the rx and sx commands when the t option is used.
Normally, the term function acts upon keyboarded characters
immediately. If the term function is sending a string with the put or
putw commands, or if the keyboard has been locked with the kbdlock
command, keystrokes are not drained from the keyboard buffer. If ANSI
KAM (Keyboard Action Mode) escape sequence has been received,
keystrokes are discarded with a bleep of the bell.
Normal ASCII printing and control characters are sent to the remote.
Some keys may be redefined with the set command. NUKE (ALT-N) returns
control to the main command prompt. The term function returns to its
caller when an F1 or ALT-X key is struck.
A carrier detect loss during a pattern search or a satisfied search[1]
cause the term function to return. Counting the error count (e
numeric parameter) UP TO 0 makes the term function return. An ETX or
EOT received from the remote when q mode is on also does the trick.
Finally, an EOF on a file uploaded with x mode, or a match on a file
uploaded with X mode makes the term function return.
21.1 Major Modes of Operation
The term function can operate in several Major Modes affecting
keyboarded characters.[2]
Terminal Emulation Normal mode operates according to the terminal
emulation selected. Keyboard mapping with set and mk commands is
effective.
Conference The conference command (described at the end of this
chapter) provides local editing of keyboarded characters before
transmission.
__________
1. Unless the c modifier was used
2. Not all Major Modes are supported on all operating systems.
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Chat The chat command links two keyboards interactively.
Doorway Doorway is activated with the ALT-= key to allow function and
alt keys to be passed to certain BBS systems.
Scancode Scancode passes raw scancodes to VP/ix and similar
applications.
21.2 Command Characters
In the term function, soft key definitions override the keys' normal
functions.
ALT-= Toggles the term function keyboard handling between normal,
doorway, and scancode operation.
In doorway operation, ALT, cursor, and function keys are transmitted
as NULL followed by the raw scan code. This is especially useful
when operating the PC Board ProDoor full screen editor.
In scancode mode, raw scan codes are transmitted for use by VP/ix
and other programs that require raw IBM keyboard scan codes.
Both doorway or scancode operation override all term function key
bindings escept for ALT-= which toggles between these forms of
operation.
Backspace Normally the term function sends backspace to the remote
without any special processing. This is ideal for most systems
where backspace implies deletion of the character immediately to the
left of the cursor. Other systems, including VMS, use RUBOUT for
this function. The GCOS system uses the # character for this
function. The special requirements of these systems can be
optimally accomodated by assigning a string or series of commands to
the BS key. Chapter 99 provides some examples.
F1, ALT-X Return from the term function. ALT-X is an alternate to F1
in case the user has assigned his own string or command to F1.
F2, PgUp, PgDn, ALT-R Enter the review function displaying data
starting with either the first character received after the last
character keyboarded (except space, Ctrl-Q, or Ctrl-S), or about 48
lines back if less than 400 characters have been received since the
last character keyboarded. This allows the output from the last
command to be conveniently reviewed. Review then awaits the next
command.
F2 followed by "k" is a handy way to clear both the screen and the
circular buffer.
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Up Enter remote command recall and select the previous remote command
for editing in the status line. Backspace, and Ctrl-W may be used
for editing the line. Ctrl-U and Ctrl-X clear the line's contents
and restore normal term function operation.
Down Enter remote command recall and select the next remote command
for editing in the status line.
Home Enter review function, displaying text starting at the beginning
of the buffer. ALT-R is an alternate to F2 in case the user has
assigned his own string or command to F2.
F3...F10, FS1...FS4 Chapter 18 describes the functions that the
"setup" entry in the sample PHODIR.t file assigns to these keys.
Ctrl-Break Sends a 200 millisecond (default) break signal to the
remote. The function of this key may be reassigned with a set
command.
NOTE: Some modems do not correctly pass a break signal to the
remote.
Ctrl-Shift-2 Some remote computer systems may require sending the NULL
(000) character. NULL may be keyboarded by Ctrl-Shift-2.
^F Iff q (TWX) mode is in effect, transmit the string parameter
answerback to the remote. This is equivalent to HEREIS on a
Teletype(TM) machine.
Enter Iff n mode is set, send a newline (LF). Otherwise, send the
contents of entstr (default CR) to the remote.
^Q Iff a transmit file is open and its transmission has been stopped
by a XOFF, transmission is resumed. Resumes counting of the
inactivity timeout associated with the wait and pattern commands.
Otherwise no special treatment.
Rubout The ASCII delete (rubout) character (hex 7F, octal 177) is
generated by Ctrl-Backspace (the left arrow above the ENTER key on
the PC keyboard). The "Del" key near the lower right of the
keyboard does not generate delete, but may be programmed to do so
with a "set fdel \177" command.
^S Iff a transmit file is open, transmission is stopped. Otherwise ^S
is transmitted. ^S also suspends counting of the inactivity timeout
associated with the wait and pattern commands.
ALT-B Sends a 100 millisecond break signal to the remote.
NOTE: Some modems do not correctly pass the break signal to the
remote.
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ALT-N The NUKE key exits from the term function with a message and
cancels any scripts or functions that may have been executing.
ALT-1 Prompts for a DOS command, then executes that command as a
subroutine.
EXAMPLE: ALT-1 whereis *.lst
ALT-2 Prompts for a ZCOMM command, then executes that command. A
particularly useful command is "create file" which creates a capture
file without having to return to the main command prompt. Care
should be exercised not to force excessive recursion by issuing a
command (such as t or f) which would invoke the term function
recursively.
EXAMPLE: ALT-2 create capture.fil
EXAMPLE: ALT-2 display vt100
ALT-E Resets the elapsed time indication to zero.
ALT-F Full Duplex resets local echo of keyboarded characters.
ALT-H Toggles Half duplex in the sequence 0 (full duplex), 1 (local
echo), and 2 (local echo CR as CR LF). SEE ALSO: h numeric
parameter
ALT-I Three way toggle of i and I (Image) mode. When toggling to I
(super image) mode, ZCOMM's display emulation is set to dumb to
disable all escape sequences, most importantly those that do strange
things when used in the wrong context. When toggling out of I mode,
dumb terminal emulation is turned off.
ALT-J Toggles j (Jabberwrite) mode (q.v.).*
ALT-K Displays the contents of the soft keys.
ALT-L Ctrl-PrtSc Toggles the line printer on flag. If the printer is
being turned on, printing commences with the next character received
from the remote.
ALT-M Toggles keyboard mapping.
SEE ALSO: display mapkb command
ALT-O Toggles the Overstrike display mode, and restores the normal CRT
attribute.
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ALT-P Toggles the parity the term function uses between 8 bits no
parity, 8 bits graphics, 7 bits plus even parity, 7 bits plus odd
parity, 7 bits marking parity (8th bit set), and 7 bits spacing
parity (8 bit reset).
ALT-V Four way toggles v mode between normal, show control characters
as ^C, denote characters with parity bit (in addition to the above)
set by prepending a tilde (~), and display all characters in hex.*
21.3 Control Characters
The following characters are recognized by the term function when they
are received from the remote.
ENQ, DLE If c or C (Compuserve) mode and v mode is not in effect,
engage the Compuserve B+ Protocol. This protocol is used with the
FILTRN program and the SIG/ACCESS DOW and UPL commands. See
Compuserve's CP-MIG user group documentation for more information.
Iff enabled, these codes are acted upon when drained from the
interrupt input buffer and are not passed to the circular buffer.
The following received characters are recognized by the term function,
regardless of parity, when they are fetched from the circular buffer
for the display.
Modem Error Detected modem errors (parity error, framing error, break,
overrun) are counted in the e numeric parameter. The E numeric
parameter may be used to represent modem errors as specific,
searchable characters.
A detected overrun is displayed as a large fuzzy rectangle (hex B2).
ETX EOT Ctrl-Z When receiving a message with the TWX protocol (in Host
Operation) these control characters will terminate the message.
ENQ Iff q (TWX) mode or VT100 emulation ("display vt") is in effect,
transmit the answerback string parameter to the remote. This is
equivalent to HEREIS on a Teletype(TM) machine.
BELL Generates a tone in the speaker unless visual bell display is
enabled ("display bell=visual"). If the display has fallen behind
the incoming data, ZCOMM suppresses the bell due to the relatively
long time required to perform a bell ring. If a file is being
transmitted with the term function, a bell character will pause
transmission for a short time. (Some computers send bell characters
to indicate their input buffers are becoming overloaded.)
FF If c mode is enabled, erase the screen.
XOFF Suspends file transmission from ZCOMM. XOFF is excluded from
pattern searches and does not display unless v mode is set. After a
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timeout determined by the Kermit s numeric parameter (default 60
seconds), transmission will resume even if no XON character is
received.[3]
XON Resumes file transmission from ZCOMM. XON is excluded from
pattern searches and does not display unless v mode is set.
NULL, Rubout (Hex 7F) and NULL (0) are not displayed unless ZCOMM is
in i (image) or v mode. They are excluded from pattern searches.
21.4 Buffer Writing
If e (Emacs) mode is set, a buffer dump is performed before each
keyboarded character is sent to the remote, since normal XOFF based
flow control is assumed to be disabled.
When the free space in the circular buffer is nearly exhausted, ZCOMM
sends an XOFF character to the remote[4] and writes the buffer
contents to the receive file[5] (if any). The circular buffer is also
written to the receive file as a result of a "w" command, ALT-W key,
or once per second if j mode is in effect.
When the circular buffer is written to a receive file, several control
characters are treated specially if i (image) mode is not set. Iff s
mode is set, all control characters, except for those listed below,
are excluded from the received file.
NULL ACK BELL XON XOFF RUBOUT ESC These characters are excluded from
the file. Most "escape sequences" are also filtered form the
cpature file. NULL, DELETE, XON, and XOFF are excluded from pattern
searches.
ETX, EOT These characters close the file if q mode is in effect, as
when ZCOMM is receiving a message in host state using TWX protocol.
Ctrl-Z (CPMEOF) Iff z mode is enabled, close the file. Otherwise this
character is discarded.
LF Iff n (nlmode) mode is on, a CR is written to the file before the
LF. Linefeed is always passed to the file.
__________
3. There is no timeout if the parameter is 0.
4. Assuming e mode is not in effect.
5. An XON is sent to the remote after this automatic buffer write
operation.
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CR Iff a mode is in effect, a CR LF sequence is written to the file.
Otherwise, if s mode is on, CR is only written to the file as a
response to an LF in the circular buffer.
BS Backspace is written to the file unless s mode is in effect, in
which case it, and the last character written in the disk file, are
deleted by backspacing the file write pointer. This simulates the
function of backspace on common CRT terminals.
NOTE: This backspacing of the file write pointer operates the same
as Teco and Emacs editors; it does not stop at the beginning of the
line. Backspacing over tab characters is tricky because it may take
several backspaces to eliminate the spaces corresponding to one tab
character, but only one is needed to eliminate the tab character in
the output file.
HT, FF These characters are always passed to the file, even if s mode
is in effect. If ss mode is in effect, FF is not passed to the
file.
21.5 Real Time Status Line
A real time status line is displayed when DOS and OS/2 ZCOMM are in
the term function. The left part of this status line is also
displayed when ZCOMM is in Host Operation awaiting a call.
The first character position shows a blinking W if the circular buffer
is being written to disk. Otherwise, the first character position
shows an L if the keyboard has been locked by a kbdlock command, or C
if the Caps Lock key is activated.
The second position shows an X if hardware handshaking is enabled and
Clear to Send (CTS) is not received from the modem, or if an XOFF
character has been received (software handshake). This also happens
when a file upload is using the p mode with GOchar = 17 (17 is decimal
for XON) and ZCOMM has stopped at the end of a line. Otherwise, an M
is shown to indicate Keypad Mapped operation for terminal emulation.
Otherwise, an N appears if the Num Lock key is activated and the K
numeric parameter is 0 (84 key keyboard).
SEE ALSO: handshake command, Terminal Emulation, Chapter 28.
The third position displays the real time status of the following five
conditions. If more than one of the conditions is active at once, the
displayed character will represent the condition listed first.
X if the buffer has nearly filled up and ZCOMM has sent an XOFF to
suspend data transmission from the remote.
E when ZCOMM has sent an XOFF to suspend data transmission for Error
Containment(TM).
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S if the term function is searching for one or more strings (defined
by the pattern command).
W if term is waiting for a character echo before resuming
transmission.
w if term is waiting for a fixed time before sending the next
character or returning from a putw or wait command.
The display column and row numbers are displayed next with the home
position equivalent to 1, 1. DOS's idea of the time of day is next.
The minutes of elapsed time follow the time of day, modulo 24 hours
(1440 minutes). The elapsed time is reset by the ALT-E term
subcommand and by the autodial.
If carrier detect is absent, an L( Local) appears after the elapsed
time. The X.PC version will display c, p, or L in this position
depending on whether ZCOMM is in character state, packet state, or
Local (no carrier detect).
The number of free characters in the Circular Buffer appears next.
A user programmed message may be displayed in right side of the status
line with the statlr string parameter. Otherwise, the right side of
the status line shows the communications port,[6] transmission speed
("baud rate") and the parity.
The next field represents the modes that are enabled. If the b, n, p,
r, or w mode is set, that letter shows. If p mode is set with with
GOchar equal to XON (decimal 17), a P is shown.
The v mode causes the view indicator to show ^ if control characters
are being displayed in the style ^C where C is the alphabetic
character corresponding to the control character. The indicator shows
~ if characters with the 8th bit set are being displayed with a
leading ~.
Setting the a, c, e, h, i, j, l, q, s, t, u, x, and z modes causes the
corresponding letter to be displayed. The c, h, and s modes are
displayed in upper case if their value is greater than 1.
ON HOOK is displayed if the computer has disabled DTR (Data Terminal
Ready). The speed command should be used to assert DTR and allow the
modem to go off hook (connect to line), e.g., "speed 1200".
__________
6. Virtual channel number for X.PC
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If a transmit file is open, a < followed by the transmit file name is
shown.
If the file upload has been stopped by a grab command, Stopped(grab)
is diplayed.
If a receive capture file is open, a > followed by the file name is
shown.
EXAMPLE: LX 01 24 23:57 ET 0:46 L 31424 1:1200 8n p^t <upload.fil
The keyboard has been "locked" by a kbdlock 1 command. File upload
has been stopped by an XOFF character. The cursor in in column 1,
line 24. The elapsed time is 46 seconds. Carrier is not present (L).
There are 31424 free bytes in the circular buffer. Transmission speed
is 1200 bits per second. Transmitted word length is 8 bits no parity
(8n). Since a speed of 1200 selects 1 stop bit, the mode is the same
as "8-N-1" mentioned by many bulletin board systems. The p mode makes
file upload pause at the end of each line for a prompt character.
View mode is set (ena -v). Finally, t mode slows the transmission of
each character from a soft keys or file. The disk file upload.fil is
being uploaded.
The s numeric parameter sets the status line display attribute. The
default of 7 provides normal video. With some displays, you can set
it to dim with a ps8 command so it won't distract you. It may be
disabled with an "ESC x 1" sequence.
21.5.1 X Windows status line When operating under the X Windows
xterm program, Unix flavors display a status line indicating Carrier
Detect, elapsed time, and buffer free size.
21.6 Conference Command/Local Editing
When the conference command is given, two cursors appear. The usual
cursor will follow text as it arrives from the remote computer. A
block cursor in the conference window follows the text you enter.
While entering text to the conference window, the standard ZCOMM
editing keys described in Chapter 17 may be used to correct
keyboarding mistakes.
When you keyboard ENTER, LF, or ESC, or when you fill up the
conference window, ZCOMM queues the line for transmission. The
conference window cursor disappears while the line is queued for
transmission.
The line is transmitted as soon as the previous line (if any) has been
sent. When transmission begins, the conference window is cleared and
the conference cursor reappears, allowing the next line to be
keyboarded. Attempts to enter characters into the conference window
before transmission begins will ring the bell and be discarded.
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When in the conference command, the function keys operate the same way
as they normally do in the term function. The review subcommands (F2,
PgUp, etc.) may be used to review portions of the conversation that
have scrolled off the main screen. The exit command F1 causes any
characters entered in the conference window to be discarded.
The following characters are passed directly to the remote and are not
entered into the conference window: ETX SI DLE XON XOFF DC2 DC4 (^C ^O
^P ^Q ^S ^R ^T).
Transmission from the conference window is controlled by the t, p, and
w modes and their associated parameters. If none of these modes are
set, the line is transmitted at full speed. If Half Duplex mode h is
set, ZCOMM echoes the line as it is transmitted. If H is set, a
linefeed is transmitted and displayed after the carriage return.
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22. REVIEW FUNCTION
Review function commands page, search, cut, paste, and otherwise
manipulate captured data stored in the circular buffer.
The review function displays the approximate location of the displayed
text within the circular buffer as a percentage of the buffer contents
on the status line. Unless i mode is in effect, escape characters are
printed as $ (dollar sign) so they will not interfere with scrolling.
Review subcommands consist of a single character preceded by an
optional numeric argument. (The default value is 1.) The numeric
digits and the command are not echoed as they are entered. For
example, keyboarding 69+ moves down 69 lines.
You don't have to wait for the screen to fill before entering the next
review subcommand. This comes in handy with the n subcommand. Since
the N subcommand searches in the reverse direction, you can thumb
through messages (by searching for the subject header) very quickly,
knowing that you can back up if you went past something interesting.
22.1 Review Subcommands
Defined soft keys are executed from review iff they do not conflict
with the permanent definitions.
Ctrl-L, Ctrl-Home Ctrl-L (form feed) clears the screen and refreshes
the display without moving it. Ctrl-L is useful after an error
printout within review, or after a subcommand that writes to the
screen such as ALT-D or ALT-S.
a Toggles the autowarp display mode, then refreshes the display.
If the autowrap display mode is enabled, long lines can be
viewed, but will cause lines at the top of the screen to scroll
off.
G Go to the Nth line and display from there. If N is omitted, go
to the end instead.
Home Display starting at the beginning of the capture buffer.
r, R If a file is open as a result of a read command, read some more
of the file into the buffer, replacing about 3/4 of the previous
buffer contents (all if R subcommand). A successful r subcommand
erases the pointers set by the t and b subcommands. The data
read in from the file may overwrite the data currently displayed
on the screen. In this case, ZCOMM displays data starting with
the oldest.
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F2, PgUp, ^B, * Display the Nth previous page (one line overlap is
provided).
SP, PgDn, ^F Clear screen and display the next Nth page.
s, / Accept a search string, terminated by RETURN. This string may
have character escapes. Search through the buffer for the Nth
instance of string. Lower case characters in string match either
case; upper case characters in string match upper case characters
only. The display starts with that line. If the search is
unsuccessful, ring bell. The search begins at the top of the
display.
SEE ALSO: ?, n, N subcommands
? Prompts for search string as above, then searches backwards for
the Nth occurrence of string starting with the line above the top
of the buffer.
n Next searches for Nth occurrence of the previously entered string
in the direction of the last "/" or "?" subcommand. Typical
usage would be to search for the first occurrence with the "/"
subcommand, then use "n" to find more matches.
N Next searches for next Nth occurrence of the previously entered
search string in the opposite direction to the original "/" or
"?" subcommand.
UpCursor, - Backup N lines and redisplay.
DownCursor, +, Ctrl-J(LF) Move the display down N lines and redisplay.
End Go to the buffer end (where the most recent data is) and display.
x eXit returns to the previous function, and makes the term
function redisplay the last page of buffer contents.[1] This
restores the screen and keyboard to the same state they were in
before review was entered. The x subcommand allows you to see
where you were if you were in the midst of keyboarding a command
to the remote when you entered review.
EXAMPLE: Suppose you are typing in a line of commands and you
need to "thumb back" through the remote's output for some vital
nugget of information. (After you enter a 20 line email reply
__________
1. When the term function takes control, which is immediately if
review was called from the term function.
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