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TEXT FILE NOTES:
The following paper by Dr. Bruce DePalma was issued with no
copyright as a gift to the world. There are no USA patents on the
described technology. The source for this was "The DePalma Research
Papers" which was printed by
For The People,
P.O. 15999,
Tampa, FL 33684.
Most of the figures mentioned could not be reproduced in this text
file. The following information appeared at the bottom of each page
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Santa Barbara, California 93108
(805) 969-6442
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Page 1
originated 29 April 1990
ON THE POSSIBILITY OF EXTRACTION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
DIRECTLY FROM SPACE
by: Bruce DePalma
Abstract: Based upon an effect first discovered by Michael Faraday
in 1831, the N machine/Space Power Generator (fig. 1) is
an electrical machine which has the possibility of
producing electrical energy with significantly less
mechanical power input than the presently employed
induction machines.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
In the fall of 1831 when Michael Faraday performed the initial
experiments which resulted in the discovery of the first dynamo, he
also described a phenomenon which has yet to be understood in terms
of conventional electrical theory.
In paragraphs 255, 256, and 257 of his diary (fig. 2, ref. 1), dated
December 26, 1831, is described the experiment of cementing a copper
disc on top of a cylinder magnet, paper intervening, and supporting
the magnet by means of a string so as to rotate axially, with the
wires of a galvanometer connected to the edge and axis of the copper
plate.
When this combination was caused to rotate an electrical potential
was found to be created. The polarity and the magnitude of the
potential was found to be the same as would occur if the copper
plate had moved and the magnet remained still.
Faraday spent his latter years pondering the relationship between
the situation of magnet and disc rotating together vis-a-vis the
situation of fixed magnet and disc rotating independently.
He explained the situation by positing the assumption that the
magnetic field of a magnet remained stationary in space whilst the
metal of the magnet revolved axially. Thus a relative motion would
exist between the moving metal of the magnet and the posited
stationary flux lines giving rise to the expected potential which
results from the motion of a wire through a magnetic field.
Through the years many attempts have been made to observe whether
magnetic field lines rotate with the motion of a magnet which is
rotated about an axis connecting its poles.
To date, no conclusive proof has been found that the lines of force
rotate with the magnet or not (ref. 2, 3). One experimenter Djuric
(ref. 4) goes so far as to say:
"That no experiment with the generalized homopolar generator
or its classical form can resolve the puzzle, which one of
the two logically possible hypotheses is correct, the moving
force line hypothesis or the nonmoving force line
hypothesis."
In 1978, after having studied the anomalous inertial and
Page 2
gravitational phenomena of the precessing gyroscope through numerous
experiments carried out in the prior seven years, it occurred to me
that anomalous electrical phenomena might occur if the gyroscope was
magnetized, the magnetic lines of force being parallel to the axis
of rotation.
Following in the footsteps of Faraday, I reasoned the metal of the
magnetized gyroscope moving through its own magnetic field, when
rotated would produce an electrical potential between the axle and
the outer edge of the rotating magnetized flywheel.
The voltage thus created would be described by the well known laws
of electrical induction relating to the relative motion of a
conducting wire and a magnetic field.
As is well known, Lenz's Law applies to the forces which are
generated between a current carrying wire moving in the vicinity of
a magnetic pole wherein the current through the wire is the
resultant of the electrical potential generated by the motion of
said wire being applied to an external load.
In the case of the rotating cylindrical magnetized conductor,
however, it is not clear how Lenz's Law could be applied. In static
measurements, current can be passed through a cylindrical magnet
between the outer circumference and the central axle passing through
its poles.
The torque developed will be the same as one would get by suspending
a copper disc over one of the magnetic poles and holding the magnet
fixed (ref. 5, 6). The question is:
since the rotating gyroscope possesses anomalous inertial
and gravitational properties,
would the back torque of the rotating magnetized gyroscope
be the same with a given amount of current passing through
it as would be if the rotation were blocked and a fixed
torque measurement made.
Despite the simplicity of the one piece rotating magnetized
conductor, N machine/SPG, compared to the two piece rotating
induction machine or Faraday disc, in the time since its discovery
in 1831, no one had performed a test to see if the same generator
principles were at work as one found in a conventional induction
machine.
In 1978 in Santa Barbara, California, a large electromagnetically
excited N machine/SPG was constructed, the "Sunburst" machine. This
machine was independently tested by Dr. Robert Kincheloe, Professor
Emeritus of Electrical Engineering at Stanford University (ref. 7).
The abstract of this report quotes:
"Known for over 150 years, the Faraday homopolar generator
has been claimed to provide a basis for so-called "free
energy" generation, in that under certain conditions the
extraction of electrical output energy is not reflected as
a corresponding mechanical load to the driving source.
Page 3
During 1985 I was invited to test such a machine. While it
did not perform as claimed, repeatable data showed anomalous
results that did not seem to conform to traditional theory.
In particular, under certain assumptions about internally
generated output voltage, the increase in input power when
power was extracted from the generator over that measured
due to frictional losses with the generator unexcited seemed
to be either about 13% or 20% of the maximum computed
generated power, depending on interpretation."
Figure (3) and (4) show the construction of the "Sunburst" machine.
Figure (5) is a graph of the input and output power vs. speed.
After a thoroughgoing critique and examination of his data Kincheloe
concludes:
"DePalma may have been right in that there is indeed a
situation here whereby energy is being obtained from a
previously unknown and unexplained source.
This is a conclusion that most scientists and engineers
would reject out of hand as being a violation of accepted
laws of physics, and if true has incredible implications."
The "Sunburst" machine was an experiment to determine if the
rotating magnet N machine/SPG operating as an electrical generator
would produce less back torque than a conventional induction machine
generating the same current.
A practical SPG would employ permanent or super-conducting magnets
eliminating the burden of excitation of an open flux path
electromagnet.
Replacement of sliding carbon-graphite or copper-graphite brushes
with liquid metal contacts reduces mechanical friction losses by
80%. Brush voltage drop is negligible in liquid metal sliding
contacts.
Both of these techniques are employed in the machines currently
produced (ref. 8, 9). Applied to the "Sunburst" design the
techniques of liquid metal current collectors and permanent magnets
for the field excitation could result in a machine with an
output/input power ratio of 5:1.
A parallel program of SPG R&D has been taking place in India since
1978. P. Tewari of the Indian Atomic Power Board had developed a
generalized theory of matter and energy which showed that energy
could be developed from the vacuum by positing a structure for the
electron.
Having received the experimental results of the "Sunburst" machine
he instituted an r&d program to develop practical versions of the
SPG for general use. Tewari has constructed N machine/SPG apparatus
which produces excess output power over that required to rotate the
generator when all losses have been subtracted from the output
generated power (ref. 10, 11, 12, 13).
The phenomenon of direct extraction of electrical energy from space
Page 4
has a simple explanation based on a re-interpretation of magnetism.
Heretofore it has been believed that the magnetic field comes from
the magnet. The phenomenon of the magnetic field can also be
explained by positing a primordial energy field, which, in the first
order is uniform and homogeneous.
The highly anisotropic condition of the material of the magnet, if
it be the permanent variety, or the condition created by the passage
of electric current through a solenoid, causes a distortion of the
isotropic field which we know as magnetism.
Passing a conducting wire through the spatial distortion adjacent to
the pole of a magnet elicits the electric potential across the ends
of the wire.
Field magnets in electric generators do not run down nor does more
electrical excitation need be applied no matter how much energy is
being drawn from the machine. This is because the generated
electrical energy is being drawn from the spatial distortion created
by the field magnets.
The drag and energy penalty of the conventional two piece induction
electrical generator arises from the incomplete understanding of
magnetism and the nature of the magnetic field.
If we accept the notion that all electricity generation arises from
distortions of a primordial energy field then we could look to
methods of creating the appropriate distortion and concomitant
energy generation without invoking Lenz's Law.
Based on this interpretation the rotating magnetized conductor N
machine/SPG is a method of eliciting the spatial energy without the
drag associated with the two piece machines.
The further conclusion is that mechanical energy is not "converted"
to electrical energy in an electrical generator. The idea of
"conversion" is simply an unproven assumption. Different electrical
machines produce energy with different efficiencies.
In these days of depletion of natural resources there would be no
reason to employ the induction generator of 150 years ago when
electricity could be generated much more efficiently by the simpler
one-piece N machine/SPG.
Page 5
REFERENCES:
(1) Martin, 1932, Thomas Martin (ed.), "Faraday's Diary",
Bell, 1932, in five volumes.
(2) Cramp and Norgrove, 1936, "Some Investigations on the
Axial Spin of a Magnet and on the Laws of Electromagnetic
Induction", Journal of The Institute of Electrical
Engineers, vol. 78, 1936, pp. 481-491.
(3) Crooks, Litvin, and Matthews, 1978, "One Piece Faraday
Generator: A Paradoxical Experiment from 1851", Am.
J. Phys., vol. 46(7), July 1978, pp. 729-731.
(4) Djuric, 1975, "Spinning Magnetic Fields", J. Appl. Phys.,
vol. 46, (2), February 1975, pp. 679-688.
(5) Kimball, 1926, A. L. Kimball, Jr., "Torque on a Revolving
Cylindrical Magnet", Phys. Rev., vol. 28, December 1928,
pp. 1302-1308.
(6) Zeleny, 1924, Zeleny and Page, "Torque on a Cylindrical
Magnet through which a Current is Passing", Phys. Rev.,
vol. 24, 14 July 1924, pp. 544-559.
(7) Kincheloe, 1986, "Homopolar 'Free Energy' Generator Test",
paper presented at the 1986 meeting of The Society for
Scientific Exploration, San Francisco, California, June
21, 1986, revised February 1, 1987. Address: Dr. W.
Robert Kincheloe, 401 Durand/ITV, Stanford, California
94305.
(8) DePalma, 1988, "Initial Testing Report of DePalma N-1
Electrical Generator", Magnets in Your Future, vol. 3(8),
August 1988, pp. 4-7, 27, P.O. Box 580, Temecula,
California 92390
(9) United States Department of Commerce, "Business Daily",
Tuesday, January 2, 1990, issue no. PSA-9999. "David
Taylor Research Center, code 3311, Annapolis, Maryland
21402-5067: A Research and Development Source Sought.
Broad Agency Announcement for Homopolar Machinery and
Current Collector Technology." BAA details requirements
for homopolar machinery for ship propulsion. Power
range 25,000 to 50,000 horsepower at anticipated current
levels of 50,000 to 100,000 amperes. Superconducting
magnets and liquid metal current collectors are called
for. "Field magnets can be normal or superconductive and
located internal to the rotor or external to the stator."
Describes combination of N machine/SPG connected to
Faraday disc motor for "integrated electric drive" ship
propulsion.
(10) Paramahamsa Tewari, "Beyond Matter", Printwell
Publications, Aligarh, India, 1984.
(11) Paramahamsa Tewari, "Generation of Electrical Power from
Absolute Vacuum by High Speed Rotation of Conducting
Magnetic Cylinder", Magnets in Your Future, vol. 1 (8),
August 1986, P.O. Box 580, Temecula, California 92390.
Page 6
(12) Paramahamsa Tewari, "Violation of Conservation of Charge
in Space Power Generation Phenomenon", Paramahamsa Tewari,
Chief Project Engineer, KAIGA Project, Nuclear Power
Corporation, Kodibagh-581303, Karwar, Karnataka, India.
(13) Paramahamsa Tewari, "Detection of Stationary and Dynamic
Space Substratum", paper presented at 1990 Borderland
Sciences Congress, Santa Barbara, California, June 14-17,
1990. Borderland Sciences, P.O. Box 429, Garberville,
California 95440-049, U.S.A.
(The following figure had an accompanying drawing
which could not be reproduced in this text file.)
Figure (2) Test of a rotating magnet by Michael Faraday, December
26, 1831.
255. A copper disc was cemented on the top of a cylinder
magnet, paper intervening, the top being the marked pole;
the magnet supported so as to rotate by means of string,
and the wires of the galvanometer connected with the edge
and the axis of the copper plate.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Vangard notes...
The diagram below is to clarify the arrangement of the coil,
copper disc and paper insulator.
|
String --------> |
____|____
| : |
Suspended | : |
Cylinder ---> | : |
Magnet | : <----------Magnetic AXIS
| : |
| : |
| : |
|____:____|
Paper Insulator -----> ======:======
Copper Disc ----> ******:******<-------| (edge)
/|\ |
* * * * * * * * | ____|____
Copper Disc glued to (axis)| | |
paper insulator glued to |_________| |
end of magnet pole | Volt |
* * * * * * * * | Meter |
|_________|
The following description from Faraday's notes is a bit
imprecise, it seems that the term screw indicates CW and
unscrew indicates CCW.
If this is the correct translation then this is simply a change
in direction of the induced current.
This comes about when both the copper disc and magnet are
rotated together.
Page 7
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When the magnet and disc (are rotated) together, (by)
unscrew(ing or adjusting the ammeter) the marked end of the
needle went west.
When the magnet and disc (are) rotated (by) screw(ing or
adjusting the ammeter) the marked end of the needle went east.
256. This direction is the same as that which would have
resulted if the copper had moved and the magnet been still.
Hence moving the magnet causes no difference PROVIDED the
copper moves. A rotating and a stationary magnet cause the
same effect.
257. The disc was then loosed from the magnet and held still
whilst the magnet itself was revolved; but now no effect upon
the galvanometer.
Hence it appears that, of the metal circuit in which the
current is to be formed, different parts must move with
DIFFERENT ANGULAR VELOCITIES. (another KEY principle)
If with the same, no current is produced, i.e. when both parts
are external to the magnet.
(The other figures were not reproducible in this text file.)
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