From: kalki33!system@lakes.trenton.sc.us
Newsgroups: soc.culture.indian
Subject: Vedic civilization
Message-ID: <mDs1uB3w165w@kalki33>
Date: Sun, 29 Nov 92 16:32:57 EST
Organization: Kalki's Infoline BBS, Aiken, SC, USA
From Back to Godhead magazine, May/June 1991
CROSS-CULTURAL TRACES OF VEDIC CIVILIZATION
by Sadaputa Dasa
(c) 1991 The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust
Used by permission.
The ancient Greek writer Aratos tells the following story about the
constellation Virgo, or the virgin. Virgo, he says, may have belonged to
the star race, the forefathers of the ancient stars. In primeval times,
in the golden age, she lived among mankind as Justice personified and
would exhort people to adhere to the truth. At this time people lived
peacefully, without hypocrisy or quarrel. Later, in the age of silver,
she hid herself in the mountains, but occasionally she came down to
berate people for their evil ways. Finally the age of bronze came.
People invented the sword, and "they tasted the meat of cows, the first
who did it." At this point Virgo "flew away to the sphere"; that is, she
departed for the celestial realm.[1]
The Vedic literature of India gives an elaborate description of the
universe as a cosmos -- a harmonious, ordered system created according
to an intelligent plan as a habitation for living beings. The modern
view of the universe is so different from the Vedic view that the latter
is presently difficult to comprehend. In ancient times, however,
cosmogonies similar to the Vedic system were widespread among people all
over the world. Educated people of today tend to immediately dismiss
these systems of thought as mythology, pointing to their diversity and
their strange ideas as proof that they are all simply products of the
imagination.
If we do this, however, we may be overlooking important information that
could shed light on the vast forgotten period that precedes the brief
span of recorded human history. There is certainly much evidence of
independent storytelling in the traditions of various cultures, but
there are also many common themes. Some of these themes are found in
highly developed form in the Vedic literature. Their presence in
cultures throughout the world is consistent with the idea that in the
distant past, Vedic culture exerted worldwide influence.
In this article we will give some examples of Vedic ideas concerning
time and human longevity that appear repeatedly in different traditions.
First we will examine some of these ideas, and then we will discuss some
questions about what they imply and how they should be interpreted.
In the Vedic literature time is regarded as a manifestation of Krsna,
the Supreme Being. As such, time is a controlling force that regulates
the lives of living beings in accordance with a cosmic plan. This plan
involves repeating cycles of creation and destruction of varying
durations. The smallest and most important of these repeating cycles
consists of four yugas, or ages, called Satya, Treta, Dvapara, and Kali.
In these successive ages mankind gradually descends from a high
spiritual platform to a degenerated state. Then, with the beginning of a
new Satya-yuga, the original state of purity is restored, and the cycle
begins again.
The story of Virgo illustrates that in the ancient Mediterranean world
there was widespread belief in a similar succession of four ages, known
there as the ages of gold, silver, bronze, and iron. In this system
humanity also starts out in the first age in an advanced state of
consciousness and gradually becomes degraded. Here also, the progressive
developments in human society are not simply evolving by physical
processes, but are superintended by a higher controlling intelligence.
It is noteworthy that Aratos' story specifies the eating of cows as a
sinful act that cut mankind off from direct contact with celestial
beings. This detail fits in nicely with the ancient Indian traditions of
cow protection, but it is unexpected in the context of Greek or European
culture.
One explanation for similarities between ideas found in different
cultures is that people everywhere have essentially the same
psychological makeup, and so they tend to come up independently with
similar notions. However, details such as the point about cow-killing
suggest that we are dealing here with common traditions rather than
independent inventions.
Another example of similarities between cultures can be found among the
natives of North America. The Sioux Indians say that their ancestors
were visited by a celestial woman who gave them their system of
religion. She pointed out to them that there are four ages, and that
there is a sacred buffalo that loses one leg during each age. At present
we are in the last age, an age of degradation, and the buffalo has one
leg.[2]
This story is a close parallel to the account in the Srimad Bhagavatam
of the encounter between Maharaja Pariksit and the bull of Dharma.
There, Dharma is said to lose one leg with each successive yuga, leaving
it with one leg in the present Age of Kali.
According to the Vedic system, the lengths of the Satya, Treta, Dvapara,
and Kali yugas are 4, 3, 2, and 1 times an interval of 432,000 years.
Within these immense periods of time the human life span decreases from
100,000 years in the Satya-yuga to 10,000 years in the Treta-yuga, 1,000
years in the Dvapara-yuga, and finally 100 years in the Kali-yuga.
Of course, this idea is strongly at odds with the modern evolutionary
view of the past. In the ancient Mediterranean world, however, it was
widely believed that human history had extended over extremely long
periods of time. For example, according to old historical records,
Porphyry (c. 300 A.D.) said that Callisthenes, a companion of Alexander
in the Persian war, dispatched to Aristotle Babylonian records of
eclipses and that these records covered 31,000 years. Likewise,
Iamblicus (fourth century) said on the authority of the ancient Greek
astronomer Hipparchus that the Assyrians had made observations for
270,000 years and had kept records of the return of all seven planets to
the same position.[3] Finally, the Babylonian historian Berosus assigned
432,000 years to the total span of the reigns of the Babylonian kings
before the Flood.[4]
We do not wish to suggest that these statements are true (or that they
are false). The point here is that people in the old Mediterranean
civilization evidently had a much different view of the past than the
dominant view today. And this view was broadly consistent with Vedic
chronology.
Although the Bible is well known for advocating a very short time-span
for human history, it is interesting to note that it contains
information indicating that people at one time lived for about 1,000
years. In the Old Testament the following ages are listed for people
living before the Biblical Flood: Adam, 930; Seth, 912; Enos, 905;
Kenan, 910; Mahaleel, 895; Jared, 962; Enoch, 365; Methusaleh,969;
Lamech, 777; and Noah, 950. If we exclude Enoch (who was said to have
been taken up to heaven in his own body), these persons lived an average
of 912 years.[5]
After the Flood, however, the following ages were recorded: Shem, 600;
Arphachshad, 438; Selah, 433; Eber, 464; Peleg, 239; Reu, 239; Serug,
230; Nahor, 148; Terah, 205; Abraham, 175; Issac, 180; Job, 210; Jacob,
147; Levi, 137; Kohath, 133; Amaram, 137; Moses, 120; and Joshua, 110.
These ages show a gradual decline to about 100 years, similar to what
must have happened after the beginning of Kali-yuga, according to the
Vedic system.
Here we should mention in passing that the Biblical Flood is
traditionally said to have taken place in the second or third millenium
B.C., and the traditional date in India for the beginning of Kali-yuga
is February 18, 3102 B.C. This very date is cited as the time of the
Flood in various Persian, Islamic, and European writings from the sixth
to the fourteenth centuries A.D.[6] How did the middle-eastern Flood
come to be associated with the start of Kali-yuga? The only comment we
can make is that this story shows how little we really know about the
past.
In support of the Biblical story of very long human life-spans in
ancient times, the Roman historian Flavius Josephus cited many
historical works that were available in his time:
Now when Noah had lived 350 years after the Flood, and all that
time happily, he died, having the number of 950 years, but let
no one, upon comparing the lives of the ancients with our
lives...make the shortness of our lives at present an argument
that neither did they attain so long a duration of life....
Now I have for witnesses to what I have said all those that have
written Antiquities, both among the Greeks and barbarians, for
even Manetho, who wrote the Egyptian history, and Berosus, who
collected the Chaldean monuments, and Mochus, and Hestiaeus, and
beside these, Hiernonymous the Egyptian, and those who composed
the Phoenician history, agree with what I here say: Hesiod also,
and Hecataeus, Hellanicaus, and Acuzilaus, and besides Ephorus
and Nicolaus relate that the ancients lived a thousand years:
but as to these matters, let everyone look upon them as he sees
fit.[7]
Unfortunately, practically none of the works referred to by Josephus are
still existing, and this again shows how little we know of the past. But
in existing Norse sagas it is said that people in ancient times lived
for many centuries. In addition, the Norse sagas describe a progression
of ages, including an age of peace, an age when different social orders
were introduced, an age of increasing violence, and a degraded
"knife-age and axe-age with cloven shields."[8] The latter is followed
by a period of annihilation, called Ragnarok, after which the world is
restored to goodness.
The Norse Ragnarok involves the destruction of the earth and the abodes
of the Norse demigods (called Asgard), and thus it corresponds in Vedic
chronology to the annihilation of the three worlds that follows 1,000
yuga cycles, or one day of Brahma. It is said that during Ragnarok the
world is destroyed with flames by a being called Surt, who lives beneath
the lower world (appropriately called Hel) and was involved in the
world's creation. By comparison, the Srimad Bhagavatam (3.11.30) states
that at the end of Brahma's day, "the devastation takes place due to the
fire emanating from the mouth of Sankarsana." Sankarsana is a plenary
expansion of Krsna who is "seated at the bottom of the universe" (Srimad
Bhagavatam 3.8.3), beneath the lower planetary systems.
There are many similarities between the Norse and Vedic cosmologies, but
there are also great differences. One key difference is that in the
Srimad Bhagavatam, all beings and phenomena within the universe are
clearly understood as part of the divine plan of Krsna, the Supreme
Personality of Godhead. In contrast, in the Norse mythology God is
conspicuously absent, and the origin and purpose of the major players in
the cosmic drama are very obscure. Surt, in particular, is a "fire
giant" whose origins and motives are unclear even to experts in the
Norse literature.[9]
One might ask, If Vedic themes appear in many different societies, how
can one conclude that they derive from an ancient Vedic civilization?
Perhaps they were created in many places independently, or perhaps they
descend from an unknown culture that is also ancestral to what we call
Vedic culture. Thus parallels between the accounts of Surt and
Sankarsana may be coincidental, or perhaps the Vedic account derives
from a story similar to that of Surt.
Our answer to this question is that available empirical evidence will
not be sufficient to prove the hypothesis of descent from an ancient
Vedic culture, for all empirical evidence is imperfect and subject to
various interpretations. But we can decide whether or not the evidence
is consistent this hypothesis.
If there was an ancient Vedic world civilization, we would expect to
find traces of it in many cultures around the world. We do seem to find
such traces, and many agree with Vedic accounts in specific details
(such as the location of Surt's abode or the sacred buffalo's loss of
one leg per world age). Since this civilization began to lose its
influence thousands of years ago, at the beginning of Kali-yuga, we
would expect many of these traces to be fragmentary and overlain by many
later additions, and this we also see. Thus the available evidence seems
to be consistent with the hypothesis of a Vedic origin.
REFERENCES
[1] E. C. Sachau, trans., Alberuni's India
(Delhi: S. Chand & Co., 1964), pp. 383-4.
[2] J. E. Brown, ed., The Sacred Pipe
(Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1971), p. 9.
[3] D. Neugebauer, History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy
(Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1975), pp. 608-9.
[4] J. D. North, "Chronology & the Age of the World," in Cosmology,
History & Theology, eds. Wolfgang Yourgrau and A. D. Breck
(N. Y.: Plenum Press, 1977), p. 315.
[5] D. W. Patten and P. A. Patten, "A Comprehensive Theory on Aging,
Gigantism & Longevity," Catastrophism & Ancient History,
Vol. 2, Part 1 (Aug. 1979), p. 24.
[6] J. D. North, Ibid., p. 316-7.
[7] D. W. Patten, Ibid., p. 29.
[8] V. Rydberg, Teutonic Mythology, R. B. Anderson, trans.
(London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1889), pp. 88,94.
[9] Ibid., pp. 448-9.
END OF ARTICLE
Posted by Kalki Dasa for Back to Godhead
-------------------------------------------------------
| Don't forget to chant: Hare Krishna Hare Krishna |
| Krishna Krishna Hare Hare |
| Hare Rama Hare Rama |
| Rama Rama Hare Hare |
| |
| Kalki's Infoline BBS Aiken, South Carolina, USA |
| (kalki33!kalki@lakes.trenton.sc.us) |
-------------------------------------------------------
From: kalki33!system@lakes.trenton.sc.us (Kalki Dasa)
Newsgroups: sci.skeptic
Subject: World Views: Vedic vs. Western
Message-ID: <TiTNwB3w165w@kalki33.uucp>
Date: Thu, 31 Dec 92 13:36:04 EST
Organization: Kalki's Infoline BBS, Aiken, SC, USA
Lines: 332
From Back to Godhead Magazine, January/February 1993
WORLD VIEWS: VEDIC VS. WESTERN
By Sadaputa Dasa
(c) 1993 The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust
Used by permission
In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, European scholars
and scientists began to come in contact with the culture of India. Many
were impressed by the antiquity of Vedic civilization and the deep
spiritual and material knowledge contained in the Vedic literature. But
other European intellectuals were dismayed ny these developments. For
example, in 1825 the British scholar John Bentley wrote of his conflict
with the scientist John Playfair, who was an admirer of Indian culture:
By his [Playfair's] attempt to uphold the antiquity of Hindu
books against absolute facts, he thereby supports all those
horrid abuses and impositions found in them, under the pretended
sanction of antiquity....Nay, his aim goes still deeper; for by
the same means he endeavors to overturn the Mosaic account, and
sap the very foundation of our religion: for if we are to
believe in the antiquity of Hindu books, as he would wish us,
then the Mosaic account is all a fable, or fiction.[1]
For Bentley, a devout Christian, the matter was simple. The Mosaic
account in the Bible says that the earth was created in about 4004 B.C.,
and it completely contradicts the Vedic scriptures. Therefore, either
the Bible or the Vedic scriptures must be false.
Bentley and pioneer Indologists such as Sir William Jones and Max Muller
worked hard, and quite successfully, to convince people that the Vedic
scriptures are nothing but fables and fiction. They started a school of
thought that is solidly established in modern universities, both in
Western countries and in India itself. One of the teachings of this
school is that all Vedic literature, from the Rg Veda to the Puranas, is
essentially a fraudulent concoction written in recent times.
In the early days of Indology, writers such as Bentley openly expressed
the opinion that the authors of the Vedic scriptures were impostors,
cheaters, and superstitious fools. Today scholars customarily express
these conclusions in moderate language, which often gives the impression
that they are favorably disposed toward Vedic culture. For example,
Clifford Hospital teaches at Queen's University at Kingston in Canada,
and he has been principal of the Theological College since 1983. In a
recent interview conducted by the Vaisnava scholar Steven Rosen, he
discusses the date of the Srimad Bhagavatam:
STEVEN ROSEN: And it [the Bhagavatam] predates Vopadeva?
DR. HOSPITAL: Oh yes. Absolutely. On a separate note, though,
what's interesting about their [J.A.B. van Buitenen's and
Friedholm Hardy's] work is that they do a detailed analysis
about the relation between certain parts of the Bhagavata and
the South Indian Alvar tradition. I think they make a very good
case for what people have long suspected: that many of the ideas
of the Bhagavata are coming out of the South Indian
tradition.[2]
The point here is that if many of the ideas of the Bhagavatam come from
the medieval Alvar tradition of South India, then the Bhagavatam was not
composed five thousand years ago by Vyasadeva. Since the text of the
Bhagavatam says that it was composed by Vyasadeva, Dr. Hospital's
comment is tantamount to saying that the real author of the Bhagavatam
was a fraud. But Dr. Hospital says it nicely, without using harsh
language.
All Indologists, historians, and archaeologists in modern universities
agree that there was no civilization in the Ganges basin of India five
thousand years ago. To say that there was such a civilization is
considered utterly indefensible. This means that no modern-day scholar
can say that the pastimes of Krsna recounted in the Bhagavatam and the
Mahabharata really happened. According to accepted scholarly
conclusions, the civilization in which those pastimes are said to have
occurred simply did not exist. The stories of that civilization are
mythological and were gradually invented over the centuries, beginning
with early versions of the Mahabharata in the third century B.C. and
culminating in the Bhagavatam in perhaps the ninth century A.D.
Indologists often say that ancient Indians were content with fables and
had no interest in recording history. Yet some traditional Vedic
scholars strongly disagree with this. For example, Pandit Kota
Vankatachela has written a book giving an unbroken sequence of kings of
Magadha from the time of the Mahabharata up to the invasion of India by
Muhammed Ghori in 1193 A.D.[3] He uses the Puranas and related Sanskrit
texts to give dates for the reigns of these kings. The table [...] lists
the kings and the dates of their reigns, from Jarasandha to the dynasty
of Candragupta Maurya.
***********************************************************************
Kings of Magadha From the time of the Mahabharata to Candragupta Maurya
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
King Reign in Length
Years B.C. of reign
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Dynasty of Barhadratha
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Jarasandha 3222-3180 42
Sahadeva 3180-3138 42
Somapi 3138-3080 58
Srutasrava 3080-3016 64
Yutayu 3016-2980 36
Niramitra 2980-2940 40
Sunaksatra 2940-2882 58
Brhatsena 2882-2859 23
Karmajit 2859-2809 50
Sutanjaya 2809-2769 40
Vipra 2769-2734 35
Suci 2734-2676 58
Ksema 2676-2648 28
Suvrata 2648-2584 64
Dharmasutra 2584-2549 35
Sama 2549-2491 58
Suvrata 2491-2453 38
Dyumatsena 2453-2395 58
Sumati 2395-2362 33
Subala 2362-2340 22
Sunitha 2340-2300 40
Satyajit 2300-2217 83
Visvajit 2217-2182 35
Ripunjaya 2182-2132 50
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Dynasty of Pradyota
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Pradyota 2132-2109 23
Palaka 2109-2085 24
Visakhayupa 2085-2035 50
Rajaka 2035-2014 21
Nandivardhana 2014-1994 20
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Dynasty of Sisunaga
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Sisunaga 1994-1954 40
Kakavarna 1954-1918 36
Ksemadharma 1918-1892 26
Ksetrajna 1892-1852 40
Vidhisara 1852-1814 38
Ajatasatru 1814-1787 27
Darbhaka 1787-1752 35
Ajaya 1752-1719 33
Nandivardhana 1719-1677 42
Mahanandi 1677-1634 43
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Dynasty of Nanda
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Nanda 1634-1546 88
Sumalya & Co. 1546-1534 12 (jointly)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Dynasty of Maurya
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Candragupta 1534-1500 34
Varisara 1500-1472 28
Asoka 1472-1436 36
Suyasa 1436-1428 8
Dasaratha 1428-1420 8
Indrapalita 1420-1350 70
Harsa 1350-1342 8
Sangata 1342-1333 9
Salisuka 1333-1320 13
Somasarma 1320-1313 7
Satadhanva 1313-1305 8
Brhadratha 1305-1218 87
***********************************************************************
According to Vankatachela's presentation, recorded history in India
extends all the way back from the Middle Ages to the time of the battle
of Kuruksetra. But his dates disagree with accepted scholarly
conclusions. For example, note that the dates for the reign of
Candragupta Maurya are 1534-1500 B.C. According to the Indologists,
Candragupta Maurya was a contemporary of Alexander the Great, who
invaded India in 326 B.C. They would reject Vankatachela's list of kings
as largely fictitious.
What is the truth? To find out with reasonable certainty requires
extensive research. Indologists have written hundreds of books and
scholarly articles expounding their views, and these need to be
carefully studied. Historical information is found in many Sanskrit
texts, including major and minor Puranas, commentaries on Puranas, and
related works. Other sources should also be researched -- temple
records, jyotisa sastras, calendrical records, the works of traditional
panditas such as Vankatachela, and finally, archaeological evidence and
records from other ancient civilizations.
One of the key strategems of the early Indologists was to use science as
a weapon to show the absurdity of Vedic scriptures. They observed that
to break people's faith in the philosophical and metaphysical teachings
of the scriptures is difficult, since these involve subjects beyond the
reach of our senses. But by showing that the scriptures give an
unscientific account of observable natural phenomena, Indologists could
make people lose faith in all scriptural teachings. Bentley made this
point in connection with the science of astronomy:
It is by the investigation of truth, and the exposure of
Brahminical impositions, which can only be done through the
means of astronomy, that the labours of those who are laudably
endeavoring to introduce true religion and morality [i.e.
Christianity] among the Hindus can have their true and
beneficial effect. So long as the impositions and falsehoods
contained in the Hindu books, which the common people are made
to believe are the productions of their ancient sages, are
suffered to remain unexposed, little progress can be expected to
be made: but let the veil be withdrawn, uncover the impositions
by true and rational investigation, and the cloud of error will
of itself disappear; and then they will be not only more ready,
but willing to adopt and receive the word of truth.[4]
Since Bentley's time, Indologists have tried hard to show that Indian
astronomy consists of unscientific ideas originating in India, and
misrepresented scientific ideas borrowed from the Greeks and the
Babylonians.[5] We can argue that this is not correct, but much research
is needed. A beginning has been made with the publication of our book
Vedic Cosmography and Astronomy.[6]
As it turned out, the strategy of using science to discredit the Vedic
scriptures backfired. Science was also used to discredit Christianity.
As a result, many of today's Indologists tend to take a secular stance,
and reject the Vedic literature as false, not because it disagrees with
Christianity, but because it disagrees with fundamental tenets of modern
science. Likewise, instead of becoming ready to receive the Christian
"word of truth," college-educated people in India now accept the
mechanistic world view of modern science. The impact of modern
scientific thinking on people's understanding of Vedic literature is
shown by the following remarks by Dr. H. Daniel Smith, a professor of
religion at Syracuse University. He comments on the Ramayana:
DR. SMITH: Well, to get right down to basics, it has to do with
how one understands the word avatara, more specifically, in what
sense, if any, the avatara of Rama was historical. If so, when?
If so, where?
STEVEN ROSEN: They say Treta-yuga.
DR. SMITH: That's the answer given. And the literalists can even
give a date, in July or something of such-and-such a year. And
that's fine for the believer -- but it's only one of several
possible perspectives. You see, it's that literalist commitment
to the historicity of it -- just as Christians are absolutely
committed to the historicity of Jesus -- that is at the crux of
the matter.
STEVEN ROSEN: Right.
DR. SMITH: Just as many Christians affirm that Jesus really did
exist in Jerusalem in the year One, also many Hindus say with
the Ramayana: Rama really did exist, and he lived in Ayodhya,
and when he went, he went out to Lanka, and there he fought and
defeated Ravana and laid low all the Raksasa hosts. Now that's a
real tight bind that people put themselves in. Whereas on the
other hand, another way of dealing with it is to say that it is
all a myth. Now please don't misunderstand me: this view doesn't
necessarily hold that the story is fictional; what it says is
that the Ramayana is telling a story that doesn't have to be
taken literally on all counts, and that it is basically a story,
if nothing else, that tells us quite a bit about human nature.
STEVEN ROSEN: And some believers take it like that?
DR. SMITH: Oh, indeed. Quite a few Hindus share that perspective
-- not many but there are definitely those who do. For example,
how do college educated Hindus deal with it? Well some, to be
sure, just go back to their childhoods, saying, "Oh Rama. Bless
Rama." Others, however, do try to think in terms of mythic
meaning, and try to probe for deep, psychological references in
their own experiences.[7]
Note the attempt to soften the blow: A myth is not necessarily
fictional; it's just a story that doesn't have to be taken literally and
that tells us something about human nature. The reasons Smith gives for
calling the Ramayana a myth are significant. First there is the problem
of saying that Lord Ramacandra lived in Ayodhya in the Treta-yuga. This
is ruled out by the Darwinian theory of evolution, which says that in
that time period, more than 864,000 years ago, there were no humans of
the modern type.
Careful research, however, can reveal evidence contrary to the accepted
scientific view and in agreement with the Vedic picture. Drutakarma Dasa
and I have just completed a 900-page book, Forbidden Archaeology, which
gives extensive evidence showing that human beings of the modern type
have been living on the earth for many millions of years.[8]
Another problem raised by Smith is that if we take the Ramayana
literally, then we are obliged to accept the existence of beings such as
Raksasas, endowed with remarkable mystic powers. Smith refers to the
world of the Ramayana as a "Walt Disnet world" of fantasy -- a world
that scientifically educated people can hardly take seriously. This
problem applies to all the Vedic literature, which presents a view of
reality that assumes the existence of mystic powers, beings with subtle
bodies, transmigration of souls, and avataras of the Supreme Personality
of Godhead.
This too is an area where the findings of careful research support the
Vedic world view. A great deal of evidence in the domain of the
paranormal supports the reality of subtly embodied beings and mystic
powers. Official science tends to reject this evidence because it
violates accepted theories. Theoretical frameworks can change, however,
and many eminent scientists have seriously studied paranormal phenomena.
Research findings in the domain of the paranormal fit consistently into
the Vedic world view. They give empirical support to the reality of the
Vedic picture, and the Vedic literature provides a rational, scientific
framework for understanding paranormal phenomena.
REFERENCES
[1] Bentley, John, 1825, Historical View of the Hindu Astronomy,
Osnabruck: Biblio Verlag, reprinted in 1970, p. xxvii.
[2] Rosen, Steven, 1992, Vaisnavism: Contemporary Scholars Discuss the
Gaudiya Tradition, New York: Folk Books, p. 71.
[3] Vankatachela, Kota, 1957, Chronology of Ancient Hindu History, Arya
Vijnana Grandhamala.
[4] Bentley, p. 213.
[5] Pingree, David, 1976, "The Recovery of Early Greek Astronomy from
India," Journal of the History of Astronomy, pp. 109-23.
[6] Thompson, Richard, 1989, Vedic Cosmography and Astronomy, Los
Angeles: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust.
[7] Rosen, p. 42.
[8] Cremo, Michael, amd Thompson, Richard, 1992, Forbidden Archaeology,
San Diego: Bhaktivedanta Institute.
[9] Drake, Stillman, 1978, Galileo at Work, Chicago: Univ. of Chicago
Press.
END OF ARTICLE
Sadaputa Dasa (Richard L. Thompson) earned his Ph.D. in mathematics from
Cornell University. He is the author of several books, of which the most
recent is Vedic Cosmography and Astronomy.
Posted by Kalki Dasa for Back to Godhead
-------------------------------------------------------
| Don't forget to chant: Hare Krishna Hare Krishna |
| Krishna Krishna Hare Hare |
| Hare Rama Hare Rama |
| Rama Rama Hare Hare |
| |
| Kalki's Infoline BBS Aiken, South Carolina, USA |
| (kalki33!kalki@lakes.trenton.sc.us) |
-------------------------------------------------------
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